Trichuris Trichiura

Trichuris Trichiura
Common name: whip worm
Disease: causes trichurisis or whip worm infection .
Habitat: the adult worm live in colon. The anterior end of its body are embedded in the mucosa while posterior end extend in to the lumen.

Morphology:-
Eggs:
The eggs are barrel-shaped, about 50 by 22 Mm the undeveloped unicellular embryo is surrounded by smooth Shell that retains a yellow-brown color
form its contact with host bile. A prominent
hyaline polar plug is visible at each end.
Adults:-
Size: 3.5- 5 cm long. Males are usually smaller than females.
Anterior end: colorless resembles a whip itself contains slender esophagus.
Posterior end: pinkish-gray, resembles whip handle contains digestive and reproductive systems.
Males possess prominent curled tail.
*NOTES:- the infective stages is egg.
The final host is human, also it can infect pig, dog and monkey.









Life cycle: Eggs are passed in to the external environment, require a period of about 21 days under favorable conditions before they become infective. On ingestion of embryonated eggs by a human host, larvae hatch in the intestine. These larvae penetrate the mucosa of the intestine, primarily in the cecum, where they become adult male and female worms. Gravid females pass eggs in to the feces to complete the life cycle.


Lab.diagnosis:- the specimen of choice for the recovery of T. trichiura eggs is stool.
Clinical symptoms:- patients who suffer from a slight whip worm infections in children usually present with symptoms resembling those of usually present with symptoms resembling those of ulcerative colitis, chronic dysentery, severe anemia, growth stunting and growth retardation .

Ascaris lumbricoides: These are common roundworms infecting more than 700 million people worldwide.

common name: round worm.
Habitat: adult worm reside in the small intestine, particularly the jejunum of man.
Morphology :A. lumbricoides is the largest nematode parasitizing the human intestine .
Adult worm : the body is cylindrical , tapering gradually at the anterior end and somewhat less the posterior end. White longitudinal streaks can seen along the entire length of the pinkish cream body. The mouth opens at the anterior end . it possesses three finely toothed lips , the digestive and respiratory system of the worm float inside the body cavity .
Male worm: It measures 15-30 cm in length and 3-4 mm in wide. The posterior end is curved ventrally (in curved). The ejaculatory duct along with the anus open in to the cloaca from which arises a pair of copulatory spicules of equal size.
Female worm:- It is longer than the male and measures 25-40 cm in length and 5 mm in diameter. The tail is straight and conical. The anus is sub terminal and opens on the ventral surface. The vulva opens at the junction of the anterior and the middle third of the body. This part of the worm is narrower and is known as vulvar waist. A mature female lays enormous number of eggs (nearly 200,000 eggs daily) which are passed in the faeces.


Infective stage and modes of infection: The egg containing larva when ingested with contaminated raw vegetables causes ascariasis.
Life cycle:
Ingested eggs hatch in the duodenum. The larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and circulate in the blood. From the heart they migrate to the lungs, ascend to the trachea, descend to the esophagus and finally reach the small intestine to become adult. The female pass immature eggs which pass to the soil and mature in 2 weeks.

clinical features:
Adult worms in the intestine cause abdominal pain and may cause intestinal obstruction especially in children. Larvae in the lungs may cause inflammation of the lungs (Loeffler’s syndrome) – pneumonia-like symptoms.

Lab. Diagnosis :
1. Examination of stool for eggs by direct saline smear method. The egg is ovoidal, 75x60 microns, covered by albuminous mamillatins.
2. Demonstration of adult worms