determination of serum uric acid

Determination of serum uric acid
Uric acid: is the end product of purine catabolism and is excreted in urine.
Uric acid: is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate.
In human blood plasma, the reference range of uric acid is typically 3.4–7.2 mg/dL for men and 2.4–6.1 mg/dL for women.
Uric acid concentrations in blood plasma above and below the normal range are known as, respectively, hyperuricemia and hypouricemia.
High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with other medical conditions including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones
Gout: is a disorder characterized by high level of uric acid, and is a painful condition resulting from needle-like crystals of uric acid precipitating in joints, capillaries, skin, and other tissues.
Consumption of some types of purine-rich foods, particularly meat and seafood, increases gout risk. Gout may arise from regular consumption of meats, such as liver, kidney, and sweetbreads, and certain types of seafood including anchovies, herring, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout, haddock, mackerel and tuna.
Hyperuricemia as a result of over production or under excretion of uric acid.
A- Under excretion of uric acid (more common) due to:
1- Unidentified inherent excretory defect.
2- Lactic acidosis (lactate and urate compete for the same renal transporter).
3- Environmental factor (drug).
4- Exposure to lead.
B- Over production of uric acid (less common) due to:
1- Idiopathic (having unknown causes due to certain inborn error of metabolism or increase availability of purines)
2- Mutation.
3- Lesch- Nyhan syndrome.
When the level of uric acid elevated it cannot stay dissolved in the blood, when this happens the uric acid crystalized out of the blood in the form of monosodium urate mono hydrate.
Aggregate of serum uric acid crystals (tophi) in and around joints, soft tissue and varies organ, Tophus in bone leading to gout and kidney disease.
In general hyperuricemia and hypouricemia are associated with the following clinical disorder:
? High uric acid (hyperuricemia)
1- Acute and chronic nephritis.
2- Urinary obstruction.
3- Diabetic and ketoacidosis.
4- High purine diet.
5- Tumor lysis syndrome.
6- Gout.
7- Lesch- Nyhan syndrome (genetic).
8- Acute infection
9- Alchole injestion and some diuretics.

? Low uric acid (hypouricemia)
1- Pernicious anemia.
2- Acute yellow atrophy to the liver.
3- Drug for chronic renal failure.