urine

Urine
-Urine: is a liquid produced by the kidney to remove waste product from the blood stream.
-Urine examination helps in the diagnosis of various renal diseases.
-Urine is an aquas solution of greater than 95% water, other constituent include urea creatinine chloride sodium potassium and other dissolved ions and inorganic and organic compound.
-Kidney extracts the soluble waste from the blood stream excess water, sugar, and a variety of other compound. The resulting urine contains high concentration of urea and other substance including toxins.
Physical properties
1- Volume: average urine production in adult human is around 1.4 L of urine per person per day with normal range of 0.6-2.6 L per person per day.
Volume depends on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight and the individual health.
2- Color: pale yellow or amber depending upon a body s level of hydration and other factors.
In urine of healthy the color comes primary from the presence of urobilin.
Drinking more water tend to reduce the concentration of urine and cause it to have a lighter color.
3- Reaction: acidic with pH less than 6.
- High protein diet makes the urine more acidic.
- Diet rich in vegetable and fruits make the urine more alkaline.
4- Specific gravity: 1.001-1.025
It is indicate the concentration ability of the kidney.
- Specific gravity is affecting by:
a) Volume of urine excreted.
b) Amount of solids present in urine.
Chemical properties
A. Organic constituents
1- Urea: is the end product of protein metabolism.
- Urea is derived from ammonia and produced by the deamination of amino acid.
- The amount of urea in urine is related to quantity of dietary metabolism.
2- Ammonia: urinary ammonia is derived from glutamine and other amino acid by kidney.
3- Nitrogen
4- Creatinine: is a normal constituent of blood it is produced mainly as a result of the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle tissue. (Depending on the muscle mass of the body).
Note: creatinine neither reabsorption nor secretion.
5- Uric acid: is the end product of purine metabolism.
6- Creatine: synthase from glycine, arginine and methionine.
Creatine is reversibly phosphorylated to creatine phosphate by creatinine kinase.
B. Inorganic constituents:
1- Phosphorus.
2- Potassium.
3- Sodium.
4- Chloride.
5- Sulpher.
6- Calcium.
7- Iodine.
8- Magnesium.
9- Arsenic.
10-lead
Abnormal constituent of urine
1- Protein (albumin uria): the presence of albumin in is called albumin urea.
The presence of protein which normally too large to pass through the tubules can be an indication of damage to the tubules.
2- Glucose (glucosuria): glucose completely reabsorped when blood glucose level exceed the renal threshold (175- 180 mg/dl), Glucose is excreted in urine.
3- Blood (hematuria): RBC in urine from infection or injury.
4- Keton bodies (ketonuria)
5- Bile salts: synthesis in the liver and provide a significant mechanism for cholesterol excretion.