investigation of urinary system

There are 4 main radiological Ix: 1 —IVU: Intravenous urography. 2- U/S 3-CT scan 4-Radioisotope scan. Others (not frequently used): MRI, arteriography, antegrade or retrograde pyelogram
1-IVU2-pyelogram3-cystogram4-urethrogram
Pyelography mainly used to detect the level of obstruction1.antegrade pyelogram2.reterograde pyelogram
reguire insertion of a fine neddle in to pelvicalyceal system under US or radiographic control
reguire insertion of a fine neddle in to pelvicalyceal system under US or radiographic control
Complication of AGP
1-bleeding2-sepsis3-formation of a urine –filled cyst (urinoma)4-blood clot in nephrostomy tube
Indication
Advantages
Disadvantages
Procedure
Example
Renal colic to visualize stones or obstructions
Heamaturia
Recurrent UTI to assess congenital anomalies strictures or urothelial lesions
Renal obstruction e.g. renal mass
assessment of renal outline pylocalyceal system ureters bladder urothelium
Others e.g.
Prostatitis
Neurogenic bladder
Trauma
Laxatives is taken 24 hr before the examination
Nil by mouth for 4-6 hr before the examination
The patient should be ambulant as long as possible to decrease air swallowing
Certain measures is taken to certain group of patients e.g. DM and children
Calcification
1-T.B
2-stone
3-hydatid cyst
4- tumors
5- fibroid in female
Abdominal cavity
1- kidney outline
2- shadow of psoase muscle
3- bones