Renal pathology 3

Causes:
The causes of the nephrotic syndrome are either glomerular diseases or systemic diseases.

Glomerular diseases:
The most frequent glomerular diseases causing nephrotic syndrome are:
Minimal-change disease: is most common in children.
Membranous glomerulopathy: is most common in older adults.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: occurs at all ages.

Systemic diseases:
The most frequent systemic causes of the nephrotic syndrome are:
Diabetes mellitus.
Amyloidosis.
SLE.


Nephrotic syndrome

The manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome include:

The lesion in glomerular capillary walls resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins, resulting in proteinuria.
The proteinuria depletes serum albumin levels resulting in hypoalbuminemia .
Generalized edema is the consequence of decreased colloid osmotic pressure of the blood with subsequent accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues.
The genesis of the hyperlipidemia seem to be due in part to increased synthesis of lipoproteins in the liver, abnormal transport of circulating lipid particles, and decreased catabolism.
Nephrotic patients are particularly vulnerable to infection, especially staphylococcal and pneumococcal, probably related to loss of immunoglobulins in the urine.
Thrombotic and thromboembolic complications are also common in nephrotic syndrome, due in part to loss of endogenous anticoagulants.