Lectures in Community Medicine
Lecturer: Dr.Sijal Fadhil Farhood Al Joborae
M.Sc.Community Medicine- M.B.Ch.B.
SOCIOLOGY
Social and behavioral sciences
Medical & social sciences are concerned in their own special way with human behavior .
The term social sciences applies to those disciplines which are committed to the scientific examination of human behavior. These are (economics, political science, sociology, social psychology, &social anthropology)
Behavioral Sciences
The term is applied to
Sociology
Social psychology
Social anthropology; as they deal directly with human behavior.
SOCIOLOGY
Is derived from the Latin socio ,meaning society and the Greek logos ,meaning science.
It deals with the study of human relationships & of human behavior for a better understanding of the pattern of human life .
Sociology is also concerned with the effect on the individuals of the ways in which other individuals think & act.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
This discipline sprang from psychology ,it is concerned with psychology of individuals living in human society or groups. It deals with the effect of social environment on persons ,their attitude and motivations.
Anthropology
Is derived from anthropos (meaning man) ,and Logos (meaning science).
It is the study of the physical, social &cultural history of man .
The study of development of various types of social life is called social anthropology.
The study of the total way of life of primitive man, his way of thinking, feeling &action is called cultural anthropology.
Concepts in sociology
Social structure :Refers to the pattern of inter-relation between persons .Every society has a social structure –
(a complex of major institutions, groups, power structure & status hierarchy).
Socialization:
Every society has its beliefs, customs, traditions & prejudices.
A man acquires these in his every day social interactions with the people of the society, this is called socialization. Socialization is the process by which an individual gradually acquires culture & become a member of a social group.
Customs
The mere existence of the society, the mere plurality of the individuals gives rise to customs from which no single member in the community can escape.
The highly developed societies of the modern world are just as compliant with social customs as the (primitive societies) of the past. These customs are quite numerous and quite powerful.
Customs are divided into:
1-Folkways:
Are the right ways to do things in what is regarded as the less vital area of human conduct.
2-Mores:
The more stringent customs are called mores.
Culture
The word culture is widely used in sociology ,it is the concept around which the cultural anthropology has grown.
It is defined as ((learned behavior which has been socially acquired)).
Culture is transmitted from one generation to another through learning process ,both formal and informal. Norm Is a standard of behavior to which the members of a social group are expected to conform.
Acculturation:
Means (culture contact), when there is a contact between two people with different type of culture, there is a diffusion of cultures both ways .
There are various ways by which culture contact take place.
1-Trade &commerce.
2-Industerialisation.
3-Propagation of religion.
4-Education.
5-Conquest.(the British brought culture into India through conquest.
Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).
It is the purview of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are enforced.
Types of Deviance
Taboo is a strong social form of behavior considered deviant by a majority. To speak of it publicly is condemned, and therefore, almost entirely avoided. The term “taboo” comes from the Tongan word “tapu” meaning "under prohibition", "not allowed", or "forbidden". Some forms of taboo are prohibited under law and transgressions may lead to severe penalties. Other forms of taboo result in shame, disrespect and humiliation. Taboo is not universal but does occur in the majority of societies. Some of the examples of include murder, rape, incest, or child molestation.
Communication:
It refers to the social process ,the flow of information, the circulation of knowledge and ideas &the propagation of thoughts. The role of communication in community health is to help motivate people to accept ideas, the ultimate aim of communication is to bring about changes in behavior ,the mass media are used as vehicles of dissemination of information.
psychology
Is defined as the study of human behavior –of how people behave & why they behave in just the way they do.
It is concerned with an individual ,his personality & behavior.
Dynamics of Behavior:
The main concern of psychology is to study the human behavior. Human behavior is the result of physical & mental factors
(body and mind) interacting in complicated ways.
Behavior is the total reaction of the individual accessible to external observation.
The broad categories of factors that may influence the individual &community behavior include :knowledge, beliefs ,attitudes, skills, finance, material, time, influence of family members, friends, coworkers. Serious considerations include factors such as poverty & unemployment.
1-Health behavior :It refers to those activities people undertake to avoid disease & to detect asymptomatic infections through appropriate screening tests.
2-Illness behavior: Refers to how people react to symptoms. Generally people who detect symptoms will wait to see if the symptoms persist or worsen ,if the symptoms continue the affected person may ask a friends for advise before seeking medical help.
3-Treatment behavior :Refers to those activities used to cure disease &cure health.
All forms of behavior are responses to stimuli. To understand behavior, we must find out the cause of a stimulus.
The goal of psychology is to find the relation that exists between stimuli & responses.
The various responses may be classified as follows:
Responses:
1-physical responses: habits, skills.
2-organic responses :emotion ,feeling, tension.
3-Intellectual responses: perception, thinking, reasoning.
Causes:
All behavior is caused ,and the causes are very complex, they include:
1-Environmental stimuli (e.g. sight, smell, touch).
2-Emotional and feeling (it arises from within the body).
3-Needs (desire, urges).
4-Motivation( is an inner force which drive an individual to a certain action).
5-Intellectual perception : (thinking and reasoning can influence his behavior in a given situation)
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .