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OBGECTIVES
• Knee ligament injuries • Tibial plateau fractures • Fractures tibia and fibula • Ankle fractures • Rupture Achilles tendon • revision
LIGAMENTOUS INJURIES OF THE KNEE
• MCL provides restraint to valgus force at the knee and is the most commonly injured knee ligament
• LCL provides restraint to varus force at the knee; injuries are not common and usually are associated with injuries to cruciate ligaments


• ACL injuries are common and acutely present with large hemarthrosis and pain; the Lachman test (anterior drawer at 20 degrees of flexion) is the most valid test for diagnosing ACL tears
Hemarthrosis
Aspiration of hemarthrosis and injection of lidocaine may assist in diag- nosis painfully swollen knee injuries.
ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST.
TREATMENT
Typical mechanism of axial compression with varus/valgus loading • • Bimodal distribution • – High-energy trauma: adult and middle-aged patients, more common in males – Low-energy falls: osteoporotic insufficiency fractures, more common in • women
• Lateral plateau fractures most common, followed by bicondylar, followed by medial plateau fractures
• Lateral plateau fractures: lateral meniscal pathology • • Medial plateau fractures: medial meniscal pathology