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Environmental medicine part 2

1-Use of dilution capacity of the local atmosphere to reduce the concentrations of the pollutant to an acceptable level.

2-Elimination of pollutants by substituting materials that do not produce it, or limiting the amount of key chemical elements available for pollutant production.

3-Improving the combustion efficiency of furnaces, or adding exhaust and emission controls to motor vehicles.

4-Change the process or equipment ..through the use of fully enclosed systems in processes that generate vapors and the use of covers on volatile fluid storage tanks and the use of electric motors instead of gasoline engines.

5-Application of air cleaning technologies, through use of filters, electrostatic precipitators.

6-Changes in lifestyle through the use of incentives to promote mass transportation and car pooling.

7-Using solar power.

8-proper ventilation to prevent indoor pollution.

9-source modification

10-air purification.

WATER POLLUTION

DEFINITION:

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities. 

Water pollution is a major global problem. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Some 90% of China s cities suffer from some degree of water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well.  

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes and storms also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water.

Categories

Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources, although they are interrelated. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a PIPE OR DITCH. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain.

NON POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

(NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example is the leaching out of NITROGEN compounds from fertilized agricultural lands

Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lot,roads,and highways, called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source. However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non-point source.