Anatomy of the nose

External nose
It is a pyramidal in shape upper boney pyramid and lower cartilaginous pyramid
Boney part consists of upper 1\3 and cartilaginous part consists of lower 2\3
Boney framework consists of
Pair of nasal bone
Frontal process of maxilla
Maxillary process of frontal bone
Cartilages of external nose
Pair of upper lateral cartilages
Pair of lower lateral cartilages(greater alar cartilage)
Part of septal cartilage Vestibule is part of the nasal cavity just within the the external nose,the vestibular skin contain hair follicles,hair and sebecious glands
Nasal cavity
Divided into two cavities by the nasal septum
It`s ant.openning called ant naris while it`s post. Opening called post.naris which open into nasopharynx
Nasal septum
Formed by
Cartilaginous part anteriorly by quadrilateral cartilage
Boney part posteriorly which formed by
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Vomer
Nasal crest of maxilla
Nasal crest of palatine bone
External nose
It is a pyramidal in shape upper boney pyramid and lower cartilaginous pyramid
Boney part consists of upper 1\3 and cartilaginous part consists of lower 2\3
Boney framework consists of
Pair of nasal bone
Frontal process of maxilla
Maxillary process of frontal bone
Cartilages of external nose
Pair of upper lateral cartilages
Pair of lower lateral cartilages(greater alar cartilage)
Part of septal cartilages
Lateral nasal wall
¬ It has three bony projections called turbinate or chonchae
¬ They are inferior,middle and posterior from below upward
¬ The inferior turbinate is separate bone,while the rest is part of ethmoid bone
¬ Below and lateral to each turbinate is the corresponding meatus
There are various ducts and sinuses open in the meati
Each turbinate is a cigar-shaed ridges or swellings are attached to the lateral nasal wall ,each is made of bone,superior and middle is part of ethmoid bone while inferior turbinate is a separated bone,

All turbinates are coveres with vascular mucopreriostium and ciliated columnar epithelium.
The space under each turbinate is called a meatus i.e inferior meatus lies under the inferior turbinate etc
The vascular inferior turbinate contains the second errectile tissue in the body i.e it has the ability to swell and shrink under autonomic nervous system control.

The function of the inferior turbinate is to control the passage of the air through the nose via the nasal cycle,the inferior turbinate is one side enlarged,as and as aresult the air flow through that nostril is restricted.
This reduse the drying effect of airflow and allows for rejuvenation of the nasal lining and cilliary function.
After approximately 4 hours,the turbinate on the other side swells and on previously rested side the turbinate shrinks.
This nasal cycle is a normal physiological mechanism that is present to some extent in all of us but noticed only by some people
Osteomeatal complex
the Osteomeatal complex area is that area of the middle meatus where sinus ostia
Of anterior group of sinus(maxillary,anterior ethmoid,frontal)
Structure contributing to it’s formation are
o Uncinate process
o Bulla ethmoidalis
o Ethmoidal infundibulum
o Hiatus similunaris
o Frontal recess
. The middle meatus is of special significance as it contains the ostiomeatal
complex (OMC). This is an anatomical area in the bony
lateral nasal wall comprising narrow, mucosal lined channels and
recesses into which the major dependent sinuses drain
The OMC
acts physiologically as an antechamber for the frontal,
maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses. Irritants and antigens are deposited there end may cause mucosal odema.

As the clefts in the OMC are narrow, small degrees of oedema may cause outflow tract obstruction with impaired ventilation of the major sinuses
Inferior meatus
¬ It is the largest meatus
¬ It s highest point is the junction of anterior and middle third
¬ Nasolacrimal duct opens in it
Middle meatus
¬ Lies lateral to the middle turbinate
¬ Important structure in it
¬ uncinate process
¬ Thin bony structure
¬ It articulates with ethmoid process of inferior turbinate
¬ It partly covers the opening of maxillary sinus
¬
Bulla ethmoidalis
It is a roud prominance formed by the bulging of the ethmoid sinuses which open on or above it
o Hiatus similunaris:it is a semilunar groove which leads anteriorly to the ethmoidal infendibulum
o Ethmoidal infundibulum: it is a short passages at the antrior end of the hiatus,frontal,maxillary,and anterior ethmoid sinus drain into it in that order from anterior to posterior
o Anterior and posterior fontanelle: are membrenous area between inferior turbinate and uncinate process. Usually accesory ostia found in posterior fontanelle
o Frontal recess opening of frontal sinus
Even a minor pathology in this area can lead to secondary sinusitis in major sinuses
By obstruction the sinus ostia,this is the site of pathogenesis of sinusitis
Arterial supply
external carotid artery- facial artery- superior labial artery nasal branch
maxillary artery- sphenopalatine greater palatine artery
internal carotid artery- anterior ethmoid artery
posterior ethmoid artery
Little`s area or Kiesselbach`s plexus
It is an area in the anterior part of the septum just behind the skin margin contain aggregation of poorly supported blood vessels represents the most important and commonest site of epistaxis
It formed by anastamasis of
*Septal br.of sphenopalatine artery
*Superior labial artery
Greater palatine artery*
*Ant.ethmoid artery
Nerve supply
1 Autonomic supply either Sympthatic
Parasympthatic
2Special sence By olfactory nerve that supply olfactory mucosa which located in the sup.portion of the nasal cavity
3 sensory supply mainly by branches of trigeminal nerve
Anterior ethmoid nerve from ophthalmic division which has medial branch supply ant.end of the septum and lateral branch supply mid.&sup. Turbinate
Branches from sphenopalatine & greater palatine nerve which supply most of turbinate
4 motor nerves from facial neve for elevate and dilate nasal ala